SSMT4-Documents

基本定义

编译型语言: 源代码文件将通过一套完整的编译管线, 包括宏展开器, 变量名独立化, 编译器, 汇编器, 链接器等, 得到一个可执行的二进制程序并分发给用户, 用户无需拥有完整独立的一套运行时环境.
解释型语言: 源代码文件直接分发给用户, 用户需要额外安装完整独立的一套运行时环境甚至是编译环境才能运行相应项目.

除此之外还有各沾一点的:

中间类型语言: 源代码文件将通过不完整的编译管线编译为中间文件, 有的为字节码文件, 有的则为 .exe 可执行文件 (于 Windows), 而将中间文件分发给用户后, 用户需要下载专门的运行时环境才能运行.

编译型语言介绍

C/C++

C 语言和 C++ 都是典型的编译型语言, 源代码需要通过编译器一次翻译为目标机器的机器码, 生成独立可执行文件, 而运行时无需再次翻译.

不过需要注意, 编译型语言并不是说完全没有运行时依赖, 尤其指使用动态链接库Dynamic Link Library的程序.

编译阶段

假设我们有源码

// example.c
#include <stdio.h>
#define NUM 100
int main() {
    printf("%d", NUM);
}

接下来以 gcc 为例介绍编译流程.

通常采用以下指令可以完成下述所有编译阶段, 用户只会得到最终的可执行文件:

shell

gcc example.c -o example

但正如我们即将介绍的, gcc 提供可选停止参数, 允许我们从任意一步开始停止到指定一步.

1. 预处理器 Preprocesser

shell

gcc -E example.c -o example.i

这一阶段将:

处理 #include 头文件展开;
处理 #define 宏规则;
处理条件编译如 #ifdef 等规则;
删除注释.

我们会得到以下结果, 相当冗长 (来源于 <stdio.h>):

example.i

# 0 "example.c"
# 0 "<built-in>"
# 0 "<command-line>"
# 1 "example.c"

# 1 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 1 3
# 9 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 3
# 1 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/corecrt_stdio_config.h" 1 3
# 10 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/corecrt_stdio_config.h" 3
# 1 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/corecrt.h" 1 3
# 10 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/corecrt.h" 3
# 1 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/_mingw.h" 1 3
# 10 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/_mingw.h" 3
# 1 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/_mingw_mac.h" 1 3
# 98 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/_mingw_mac.h" 3

# 107 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/_mingw_mac.h" 3

# 306 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/_mingw_mac.h" 3

# 384 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/_mingw_mac.h" 3

# 11 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/_mingw.h" 2 3
# 1 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/_mingw_secapi.h" 1 3
# 12 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/_mingw.h" 2 3
# 282 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/_mingw.h" 3
# 1 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/vadefs.h" 1 3
# 9 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/vadefs.h" 3
# 1 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/_mingw.h" 1 3
# 661 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/_mingw.h" 3
# 1 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/sdks/_mingw_ddk.h" 1 3
# 662 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/_mingw.h" 2 3
# 10 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/vadefs.h" 2 3




#pragma pack(push,_CRT_PACKING)
# 24 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/vadefs.h" 3

# 24 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/vadefs.h" 3
 typedef __builtin_va_list __gnuc_va_list;






  typedef __gnuc_va_list va_list;
# 103 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/vadefs.h" 3
#pragma pack(pop)
# 283 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/_mingw.h" 2 3
# 580 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/_mingw.h" 3
void __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __debugbreak(void);
extern __inline__ __attribute__((__always_inline__,__gnu_inline__)) void __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __debugbreak(void)
{

  __asm__ __volatile__("int {$}3":);







}
# 601 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/_mingw.h" 3
void __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__noreturn__)) __fastfail(unsigned int code);
extern __inline__ __attribute__((__always_inline__,__gnu_inline__)) void __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__noreturn__)) __fastfail(unsigned int code)
{

  __asm__ __volatile__("int {$}0x29"::"c"(code));
# 615 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/_mingw.h" 3
  __builtin_unreachable();
}
# 641 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/_mingw.h" 3
const char *__mingw_get_crt_info (void);
# 11 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/corecrt.h" 2 3




#pragma pack(push,_CRT_PACKING)
# 35 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/corecrt.h" 3
__extension__ typedef unsigned long long size_t;
# 45 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/corecrt.h" 3
__extension__ typedef long long ssize_t;






typedef size_t rsize_t;
# 62 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/corecrt.h" 3
__extension__ typedef long long intptr_t;
# 75 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/corecrt.h" 3
__extension__ typedef unsigned long long uintptr_t;
# 88 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/corecrt.h" 3
__extension__ typedef long long ptrdiff_t;
# 98 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/corecrt.h" 3
typedef unsigned short wchar_t;







typedef unsigned short wint_t;
typedef unsigned short wctype_t;





typedef int errno_t;




typedef long __time32_t;




__extension__ typedef long long __time64_t;
# 138 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/corecrt.h" 3
typedef __time64_t time_t;
# 430 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/corecrt.h" 3
struct threadlocaleinfostruct;
struct threadmbcinfostruct;
typedef struct threadlocaleinfostruct *pthreadlocinfo;
typedef struct threadmbcinfostruct *pthreadmbcinfo;
struct __lc_time_data;

typedef struct localeinfo_struct {
  pthreadlocinfo locinfo;
  pthreadmbcinfo mbcinfo;
} _locale_tstruct,*_locale_t;



typedef struct tagLC_ID {
  unsigned short wLanguage;
  unsigned short wCountry;
  unsigned short wCodePage;
} LC_ID,*LPLC_ID;




typedef struct threadlocaleinfostruct {





  int refcount;
  unsigned int lc_codepage;
  unsigned int lc_collate_cp;
  unsigned long lc_handle[6];
  LC_ID lc_id[6];
  struct {
    char *locale;
    wchar_t *wlocale;
    int *refcount;
    int *wrefcount;
  } lc_category[6];
  int lc_clike;
  int mb_cur_max;
  int *lconv_intl_refcount;
  int *lconv_num_refcount;
  int *lconv_mon_refcount;
  struct lconv *lconv;
  int *ctype1_refcount;
  unsigned short *ctype1;
  const unsigned short *pctype;
  const unsigned char *pclmap;
  const unsigned char *pcumap;
  struct __lc_time_data *lc_time_curr;

} threadlocinfo;
# 501 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/corecrt.h" 3
#pragma pack(pop)
# 11 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/corecrt_stdio_config.h" 2 3
# 10 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 2 3

#pragma pack(push,_CRT_PACKING)








# 33 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 3
  struct _iobuf {



    char *_ptr;
    int _cnt;
    char *_base;
    int _flag;
    int _file;
    int _charbuf;
    int _bufsiz;
    char *_tmpfname;

  };
  typedef struct _iobuf FILE;
# 91 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 3
# 1 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/_mingw_off_t.h" 1 3




  typedef long _off_t;

  typedef long off32_t;





  __extension__ typedef long long _off64_t;

  __extension__ typedef long long off64_t;
# 26 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/_mingw_off_t.h" 3
typedef off32_t off_t;
# 92 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 2 3

__attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) FILE *__attribute__((__cdecl__)) __acrt_iob_func(unsigned index);


  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) FILE *__attribute__((__cdecl__)) __iob_func(void);
# 115 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 3
  __extension__ typedef long long fpos_t;
# 159 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 3
extern
  __attribute__((__format__ (gnu_scanf, 2, 3))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_sscanf(const char * __restrict__ _Src,const char * __restrict__ _Format,...);
extern
  __attribute__((__format__ (gnu_scanf, 2, 0))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_vsscanf (const char * __restrict__ _Str,const char * __restrict__ Format,va_list argp);
extern
  __attribute__((__format__ (gnu_scanf, 1, 2))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_scanf(const char * __restrict__ _Format,...);
extern
  __attribute__((__format__ (gnu_scanf, 1, 0))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_vscanf(const char * __restrict__ Format, va_list argp);
extern
  __attribute__((__format__ (gnu_scanf, 2, 3))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_fscanf(FILE * __restrict__ _File,const char * __restrict__ _Format,...);
extern
  __attribute__((__format__ (gnu_scanf, 2, 0))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_vfscanf (FILE * __restrict__ fp, const char * __restrict__ Format,va_list argp);

extern
  __attribute__((__format__ (gnu_printf, 3, 0))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_vsnprintf(char * __restrict__ _DstBuf,size_t _MaxCount,const char * __restrict__ _Format,
                               va_list _ArgList);
extern
  __attribute__((__format__ (gnu_printf, 3, 4))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_snprintf(char * __restrict__ s, size_t n, const char * __restrict__ format, ...);
extern
  __attribute__((__format__ (gnu_printf, 1, 2))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_printf(const char * __restrict__ , ... ) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern
  __attribute__((__format__ (gnu_printf, 1, 0))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_vprintf (const char * __restrict__ , va_list) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern
  __attribute__((__format__ (gnu_printf, 2, 3))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_fprintf (FILE * __restrict__ , const char * __restrict__ , ...) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern
  __attribute__((__format__ (gnu_printf, 2, 0))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_vfprintf (FILE * __restrict__ , const char * __restrict__ , va_list) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern
  __attribute__((__format__ (gnu_printf, 2, 3))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_sprintf (char * __restrict__ , const char * __restrict__ , ...) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern
  __attribute__((__format__ (gnu_printf, 2, 0))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_vsprintf (char * __restrict__ , const char * __restrict__ , va_list) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern
  __attribute__((__format__ (gnu_printf, 2, 3))) __attribute__((nonnull (1,2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_asprintf(char ** __restrict__ , const char * __restrict__ , ...) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern
  __attribute__((__format__ (gnu_printf, 2, 0))) __attribute__((nonnull (1,2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_vasprintf(char ** __restrict__ , const char * __restrict__ , va_list) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));

extern
  __attribute__((__format__ (ms_scanf, 2, 3))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __ms_sscanf(const char * __restrict__ _Src,const char * __restrict__ _Format,...);
extern
  __attribute__((__format__ (ms_scanf, 1, 2))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __ms_scanf(const char * __restrict__ _Format,...);
extern
  __attribute__((__format__ (ms_scanf, 2, 3))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __ms_fscanf(FILE * __restrict__ _File,const char * __restrict__ _Format,...);

extern
  __attribute__((__format__ (ms_printf, 1, 2))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __ms_printf(const char * __restrict__ , ... ) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern
  __attribute__((__format__ (ms_printf, 1, 0))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __ms_vprintf (const char * __restrict__ , va_list) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern
  __attribute__((__format__ (ms_printf, 2, 3))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __ms_fprintf (FILE * __restrict__ , const char * __restrict__ , ...) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern
  __attribute__((__format__ (ms_printf, 2, 0))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __ms_vfprintf (FILE * __restrict__ , const char * __restrict__ , va_list) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern
  __attribute__((__format__ (ms_printf, 2, 3))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __ms_sprintf (char * __restrict__ , const char * __restrict__ , ...) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern
  __attribute__((__format__ (ms_printf, 2, 0))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __ms_vsprintf (char * __restrict__ , const char * __restrict__ , va_list) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
# 291 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 3
static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
__attribute__((__format__ (gnu_scanf, 2, 3))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
int sscanf(const char *__source, const char *__format, ...)
{
  int __retval;
  __builtin_va_list __local_argv; __builtin_va_start( __local_argv, __format );
  __retval = __mingw_vsscanf( __source, __format, __local_argv );
  __builtin_va_end( __local_argv );
  return __retval;
}

static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
__attribute__((__format__ (gnu_scanf, 1, 2))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)))
int scanf(const char *__format, ...)
{
  int __retval;
  __builtin_va_list __local_argv; __builtin_va_start( __local_argv, __format );
  __retval = __mingw_vfscanf( (__acrt_iob_func(0)), __format, __local_argv );
  __builtin_va_end( __local_argv );
  return __retval;
}

static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
__attribute__((__format__ (gnu_scanf, 2, 3))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
int fscanf(FILE *__stream, const char *__format, ...)
{
  int __retval;
  __builtin_va_list __local_argv; __builtin_va_start( __local_argv, __format );
  __retval = __mingw_vfscanf( __stream, __format, __local_argv );
  __builtin_va_end( __local_argv );
  return __retval;
}



#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wshadow"


static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
__attribute__((__format__ (gnu_scanf, 2, 0))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
int vsscanf (const char *__source, const char *__format, __builtin_va_list __local_argv)
{
  return __mingw_vsscanf( __source, __format, __local_argv );
}

static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
__attribute__((__format__ (gnu_scanf, 1, 0))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)))
int vscanf(const char *__format, __builtin_va_list __local_argv)
{
  return __mingw_vfscanf( (__acrt_iob_func(0)), __format, __local_argv );
}

static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
__attribute__((__format__ (gnu_scanf, 2, 0))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
int vfscanf (FILE *__stream, const char *__format, __builtin_va_list __local_argv)
{
  return __mingw_vfscanf( __stream, __format, __local_argv );
}


#pragma GCC diagnostic pop





static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
__attribute__((__format__ (gnu_printf, 2, 3))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
int fprintf (FILE *__stream, const char *__format, ...)
{
  int __retval;
  __builtin_va_list __local_argv; __builtin_va_start( __local_argv, __format );
  __retval = __mingw_vfprintf( __stream, __format, __local_argv );
  __builtin_va_end( __local_argv );
  return __retval;
}

static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
__attribute__((__format__ (gnu_printf, 1, 2))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)))
int printf (const char *__format, ...)
{
  int __retval;
  __builtin_va_list __local_argv; __builtin_va_start( __local_argv, __format );
  __retval = __mingw_vfprintf( (__acrt_iob_func(1)), __format, __local_argv );
  __builtin_va_end( __local_argv );
  return __retval;
}
# 399 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 3
static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
__attribute__((__format__ (gnu_printf, 2, 3))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
int sprintf (char *__stream, const char *__format, ...)
{
  int __retval;
  __builtin_va_list __local_argv; __builtin_va_start( __local_argv, __format );
  __retval = __mingw_vsprintf( __stream, __format, __local_argv );
  __builtin_va_end( __local_argv );
  return __retval;
}



static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
__attribute__((__format__ (gnu_printf, 2, 0))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
int vfprintf (FILE *__stream, const char *__format, __builtin_va_list __local_argv)
{
  return __mingw_vfprintf( __stream, __format, __local_argv );
}

static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
__attribute__((__format__ (gnu_printf, 1, 0))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)))
int vprintf (const char *__format, __builtin_va_list __local_argv)
{
  return __mingw_vfprintf( (__acrt_iob_func(1)), __format, __local_argv );
}

static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
__attribute__((__format__ (gnu_printf, 2, 0))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
int vsprintf (char *__stream, const char *__format, __builtin_va_list __local_argv)
{
# 438 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 3
  return __mingw_vsprintf( __stream, __format, __local_argv );
}
# 456 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 3
static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
__attribute__((__format__ (gnu_printf, 3, 4))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3)))
int snprintf (char *__stream, size_t __n, const char *__format, ...)
{
  int __retval;
  __builtin_va_list __local_argv; __builtin_va_start( __local_argv, __format );
  __retval = __mingw_vsnprintf( __stream, __n, __format, __local_argv );
  __builtin_va_end( __local_argv );
  return __retval;
}



static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
__attribute__((__format__ (gnu_printf, 3, 0))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3)))
int vsnprintf (char *__stream, size_t __n, const char *__format, __builtin_va_list __local_argv)
{



  return __mingw_vsnprintf( __stream, __n, __format, __local_argv );
}
# 610 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 3
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _filbuf(FILE *_File);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _flsbuf(int _Ch,FILE *_File);



  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) FILE *__attribute__((__cdecl__)) _fsopen(const char *_Filename,const char *_Mode,int _ShFlag);

  void __attribute__((__cdecl__)) clearerr(FILE *_File);
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) fclose(FILE *_File);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _fcloseall(void);



  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) FILE *__attribute__((__cdecl__)) _fdopen(int _FileHandle,const char *_Mode);

  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) feof(FILE *_File);
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) ferror(FILE *_File);
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) fflush(FILE *_File);
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) fgetc(FILE *_File);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _fgetchar(void);
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) fgetpos(FILE * __restrict__ _File ,fpos_t * __restrict__ _Pos);
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) fgetpos64(FILE * __restrict__ _File ,fpos_t * __restrict__ _Pos);
  char *__attribute__((__cdecl__)) fgets(char * __restrict__ _Buf,int _MaxCount,FILE * __restrict__ _File);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _fileno(FILE *_File);



  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) char *__attribute__((__cdecl__)) _tempnam(const char *_DirName,const char *_FilePrefix);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _flushall(void);
  FILE *__attribute__((__cdecl__)) fopen(const char * __restrict__ _Filename,const char * __restrict__ _Mode) ;
  FILE *fopen64(const char * __restrict__ filename,const char * __restrict__ mode);
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) fputc(int _Ch,FILE *_File);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _fputchar(int _Ch);
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) fputs(const char * __restrict__ _Str,FILE * __restrict__ _File);
  size_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) fread(void * __restrict__ _DstBuf,size_t _ElementSize,size_t _Count,FILE * __restrict__ _File);
  FILE *__attribute__((__cdecl__)) freopen(const char * __restrict__ _Filename,const char * __restrict__ _Mode,FILE * __restrict__ _File) ;
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) fsetpos(FILE *_File,const fpos_t *_Pos);
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) fsetpos64(FILE *_File,const fpos_t *_Pos);
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) fseek(FILE *_File,long _Offset,int _Origin);
  long __attribute__((__cdecl__)) ftell(FILE *_File);



  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _fseeki64(FILE *_File,long long _Offset,int _Origin);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) long long __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _ftelli64(FILE *_File);
# 669 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 3
  int fseeko64(FILE* stream, _off64_t offset, int whence);
  int fseeko(FILE* stream, _off_t offset, int whence);

  _off_t ftello(FILE * stream);
  _off64_t ftello64(FILE * stream);
# 690 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 3
  size_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) fwrite(const void * __restrict__ _Str,size_t _Size,size_t _Count,FILE * __restrict__ _File);
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) getc(FILE *_File);
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) getchar(void);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _getmaxstdio(void);
  char *__attribute__((__cdecl__)) gets(char *_Buffer)
    __attribute__((__warning__("Using gets() is always unsafe - use fgets() instead")));
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _getw(FILE *_File);


  void __attribute__((__cdecl__)) perror(const char *_ErrMsg);


  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _pclose(FILE *_File);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) FILE *__attribute__((__cdecl__)) _popen(const char *_Command,const char *_Mode);





  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) putc(int _Ch,FILE *_File);
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) putchar(int _Ch);
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) puts(const char *_Str);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _putw(int _Word,FILE *_File);


  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) remove(const char *_Filename);
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) rename(const char *_OldFilename,const char *_NewFilename);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _unlink(const char *_Filename);

  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) unlink(const char *_Filename) ;


  void __attribute__((__cdecl__)) rewind(FILE *_File);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _rmtmp(void);
  void __attribute__((__cdecl__)) setbuf(FILE * __restrict__ _File,char * __restrict__ _Buffer) ;
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _setmaxstdio(int _Max);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) unsigned int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _set_output_format(unsigned int _Format);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) unsigned int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _get_output_format(void);
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) setvbuf(FILE * __restrict__ _File,char * __restrict__ _Buf,int _Mode,size_t _Size);
# 754 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 3
  __attribute__ ((__pure__))
  __attribute__((__format__ (ms_printf, 1, 2))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)))
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _scprintf(const char * __restrict__ _Format,...);
  __attribute__((__format__ (ms_scanf, 3, 4))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3)))
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _snscanf(const char * __restrict__ _Src,size_t _MaxCount,const char * __restrict__ _Format,...) ;

  __attribute__ ((__pure__))
  __attribute__((__format__ (ms_printf, 1, 0))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)))
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vscprintf(const char * __restrict__ _Format,va_list _ArgList);
  FILE *__attribute__((__cdecl__)) tmpfile(void) ;
  char *__attribute__((__cdecl__)) tmpnam(char *_Buffer);
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) ungetc(int _Ch,FILE *_File);
# 782 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 3
  __attribute__((__format__ (ms_printf, 3, 4))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3)))
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _snprintf(char * __restrict__ _Dest,size_t _Count,const char * __restrict__ _Format,...) ;
  __attribute__((__format__ (ms_printf, 3, 0))) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3)))
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vsnprintf(char * __restrict__ _Dest,size_t _Count,const char * __restrict__ _Format,va_list _Args) ;
# 1007 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 3
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _set_printf_count_output(int _Value);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _get_printf_count_output(void);




                                                     __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_swscanf(const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Src,const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Format,...);
                                                     __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_vswscanf (const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Str,const wchar_t * __restrict__ Format,va_list argp);
                                                     __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_wscanf(const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Format,...);
                                                     __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_vwscanf(const wchar_t * __restrict__ Format, va_list argp);
                                                     __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_fwscanf(FILE * __restrict__ _File,const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Format,...);
                                                     __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_vfwscanf (FILE * __restrict__ fp, const wchar_t * __restrict__ Format,va_list argp);

                                                      __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_fwprintf(FILE * __restrict__ _File,const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Format,...);
                                                      __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_wprintf(const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Format,...);
                                                     __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_vfwprintf(FILE * __restrict__ _File,const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Format,va_list _ArgList);
                                                     __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_vwprintf(const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Format,va_list _ArgList);
                                                      __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_snwprintf (wchar_t * __restrict__ s, size_t n, const wchar_t * __restrict__ format, ...);
                                                      __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_vsnwprintf (wchar_t * __restrict__ , size_t, const wchar_t * __restrict__ , va_list);
                                                      __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_swprintf(wchar_t * __restrict__ , const wchar_t * __restrict__ , ...);
                                                      __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_vswprintf(wchar_t * __restrict__ , const wchar_t * __restrict__ ,va_list);

                                                    __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __ms_swscanf(const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Src,const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Format,...);
                                                    __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __ms_wscanf(const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Format,...);
                                                    __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __ms_fwscanf(FILE * __restrict__ _File,const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Format,...);

                                                     __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __ms_fwprintf(FILE * __restrict__ _File,const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Format,...);
                                                     __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __ms_wprintf(const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Format,...);
                                                    __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __ms_vfwprintf(FILE * __restrict__ _File,const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Format,va_list _ArgList);
                                                    __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __ms_vwprintf(const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Format,va_list _ArgList);
                                                     __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __ms_swprintf(wchar_t * __restrict__ , const wchar_t * __restrict__ , ...);
                                                     __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __ms_vswprintf(wchar_t * __restrict__ , const wchar_t * __restrict__ ,va_list);
# 1075 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 3
static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
                                                     __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
int swscanf(const wchar_t *__source, const wchar_t *__format, ...)
{
  int __retval;
  __builtin_va_list __local_argv; __builtin_va_start( __local_argv, __format );
  __retval = __mingw_vswscanf( __source, __format, __local_argv );
  __builtin_va_end( __local_argv );
  return __retval;
}

static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
                                                     __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)))
int wscanf(const wchar_t *__format, ...)
{
  int __retval;
  __builtin_va_list __local_argv; __builtin_va_start( __local_argv, __format );
  __retval = __mingw_vfwscanf( (__acrt_iob_func(0)), __format, __local_argv );
  __builtin_va_end( __local_argv );
  return __retval;
}

static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
                                                     __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
int fwscanf(FILE *__stream, const wchar_t *__format, ...)
{
  int __retval;
  __builtin_va_list __local_argv; __builtin_va_start( __local_argv, __format );
  __retval = __mingw_vfwscanf( __stream, __format, __local_argv );
  __builtin_va_end( __local_argv );
  return __retval;
}


static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
                                                     __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
int vswscanf (const wchar_t * __restrict__ __source, const wchar_t * __restrict__ __format, __builtin_va_list __local_argv)
{
  return __mingw_vswscanf( __source, __format, __local_argv );
}

static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
                                                     __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)))
int vwscanf(const wchar_t *__format, __builtin_va_list __local_argv)
{
  return __mingw_vfwscanf( (__acrt_iob_func(0)), __format, __local_argv );
}

static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
                                                     __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
int vfwscanf (FILE *__stream, const wchar_t *__format, __builtin_va_list __local_argv)
{
  return __mingw_vfwscanf( __stream, __format, __local_argv );
}




static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
                                                      __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
int fwprintf (FILE *__stream, const wchar_t *__format, ...)
{
  int __retval;
  __builtin_va_list __local_argv; __builtin_va_start( __local_argv, __format );
  __retval = __mingw_vfwprintf( __stream, __format, __local_argv );
  __builtin_va_end( __local_argv );
  return __retval;
}

static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
                                                      __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)))
int wprintf (const wchar_t *__format, ...)
{
  int __retval;
  __builtin_va_list __local_argv; __builtin_va_start( __local_argv, __format );
  __retval = __mingw_vfwprintf( (__acrt_iob_func(1)), __format, __local_argv );
  __builtin_va_end( __local_argv );
  return __retval;
}

static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
                                                      __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)))
int vfwprintf (FILE *__stream, const wchar_t *__format, __builtin_va_list __local_argv)
{
  return __mingw_vfwprintf( __stream, __format, __local_argv );
}

static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
                                                      __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)))
int vwprintf (const wchar_t *__format, __builtin_va_list __local_argv)
{
  return __mingw_vfwprintf( (__acrt_iob_func(1)), __format, __local_argv );
}
# 1185 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 3
static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
                                                      __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3)))
int snwprintf (wchar_t *__stream, size_t __n, const wchar_t *__format, ...)
{
  int __retval;
  __builtin_va_list __local_argv; __builtin_va_start( __local_argv, __format );
  __retval = __mingw_vsnwprintf( __stream, __n, __format, __local_argv );
  __builtin_va_end( __local_argv );
  return __retval;
}



static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
                                                      __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3)))
int vsnwprintf (wchar_t *__stream, size_t __n, const wchar_t *__format, __builtin_va_list __local_argv)
{



  return __mingw_vsnwprintf( __stream, __n, __format, __local_argv );
}
# 1338 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 3
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) FILE *__attribute__((__cdecl__)) _wfsopen(const wchar_t *_Filename,const wchar_t *_Mode,int _ShFlag);


  wint_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) fgetwc(FILE *_File);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) wint_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _fgetwchar(void);
  wint_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) fputwc(wchar_t _Ch,FILE *_File);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) wint_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _fputwchar(wchar_t _Ch);
  wint_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) getwc(FILE *_File);
  wint_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) getwchar(void);
  wint_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) putwc(wchar_t _Ch,FILE *_File);
  wint_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) putwchar(wchar_t _Ch);
  wint_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) ungetwc(wint_t _Ch,FILE *_File);
  wchar_t *__attribute__((__cdecl__)) fgetws(wchar_t * __restrict__ _Dst,int _SizeInWords,FILE * __restrict__ _File);
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) fputws(const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Str,FILE * __restrict__ _File);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) wchar_t *__attribute__((__cdecl__)) _getws(wchar_t *_String) ;
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _putws(const wchar_t *_Str);
# 1420 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 3
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _scwprintf(const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Format,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _swprintf_c(wchar_t * __restrict__ _DstBuf,size_t _SizeInWords,const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Format,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vswprintf_c(wchar_t * __restrict__ _DstBuf,size_t _SizeInWords,const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Format,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _snwprintf(wchar_t * __restrict__ _Dest,size_t _Count,const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Format,...) ;
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vsnwprintf(wchar_t * __restrict__ _Dest,size_t _Count,const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Format,va_list _Args) ;
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vscwprintf(const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Format,va_list _ArgList);
# 1450 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 3
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _swprintf(wchar_t * __restrict__ _Dest,const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Format,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vswprintf(wchar_t * __restrict__ _Dest,const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Format,va_list _Args);



# 1 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/swprintf.inl" 1 3
# 25 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/swprintf.inl" 3
static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
                                                      __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3)))
int vswprintf (wchar_t *__stream, size_t __count, const wchar_t *__format, __builtin_va_list __local_argv)
{
  return vsnwprintf( __stream, __count, __format, __local_argv );
}

static __attribute__ ((__unused__)) __inline__ __attribute__((__cdecl__))
                                                      __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (3)))
int swprintf (wchar_t *__stream, size_t __count, const wchar_t *__format, ...)
{
  int __retval;
  __builtin_va_list __local_argv;

  __builtin_va_start( __local_argv, __format );
  __retval = vswprintf( __stream, __count, __format, __local_argv );
  __builtin_va_end( __local_argv );
  return __retval;
}
# 1456 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 2 3
# 1465 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 3
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) wchar_t *__attribute__((__cdecl__)) _wtempnam(const wchar_t *_Directory,const wchar_t *_FilePrefix);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _snwscanf(const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Src,size_t _MaxCount,const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Format,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) FILE *__attribute__((__cdecl__)) _wfdopen(int _FileHandle ,const wchar_t *_Mode);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) FILE *__attribute__((__cdecl__)) _wfopen(const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Filename,const wchar_t *__restrict__ _Mode) ;
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) FILE *__attribute__((__cdecl__)) _wfreopen(const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Filename,const wchar_t * __restrict__ _Mode,FILE * __restrict__ _OldFile) ;



  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) void __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _wperror(const wchar_t *_ErrMsg);

  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) FILE *__attribute__((__cdecl__)) _wpopen(const wchar_t *_Command,const wchar_t *_Mode);




  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _wremove(const wchar_t *_Filename);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) wchar_t *__attribute__((__cdecl__)) _wtmpnam(wchar_t *_Buffer);
# 1525 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 3
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) void __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _lock_file(FILE *_File);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) void __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _unlock_file(FILE *_File);
# 1543 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 3
  char *__attribute__((__cdecl__)) tempnam(const char *_Directory,const char *_FilePrefix) ;
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) fcloseall(void) ;
  FILE *__attribute__((__cdecl__)) fdopen(int _FileHandle,const char *_Format) ;
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) fgetchar(void) ;
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) fileno(FILE *_File) ;
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) flushall(void) ;
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) fputchar(int _Ch) ;
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) getw(FILE *_File) ;
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) putw(int _Ch,FILE *_File) ;
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) rmtmp(void) ;
# 1569 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 3
int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_str_wide_utf8 (const wchar_t * const wptr, char **mbptr, size_t * buflen);
# 1583 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 3
int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_str_utf8_wide (const char *const mbptr, wchar_t ** wptr, size_t * buflen);
# 1592 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 3
void __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_str_free(void *ptr);






  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) intptr_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _wspawnl(int _Mode,const wchar_t *_Filename,const wchar_t *_ArgList,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) intptr_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _wspawnle(int _Mode,const wchar_t *_Filename,const wchar_t *_ArgList,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) intptr_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _wspawnlp(int _Mode,const wchar_t *_Filename,const wchar_t *_ArgList,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) intptr_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _wspawnlpe(int _Mode,const wchar_t *_Filename,const wchar_t *_ArgList,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) intptr_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _wspawnv(int _Mode,const wchar_t *_Filename,const wchar_t *const *_ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) intptr_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _wspawnve(int _Mode,const wchar_t *_Filename,const wchar_t *const *_ArgList,const wchar_t *const *_Env);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) intptr_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _wspawnvp(int _Mode,const wchar_t *_Filename,const wchar_t *const *_ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) intptr_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _wspawnvpe(int _Mode,const wchar_t *_Filename,const wchar_t *const *_ArgList,const wchar_t *const *_Env);
# 1623 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 3
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) intptr_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _spawnv(int _Mode,const char *_Filename,const char *const *_ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) intptr_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _spawnve(int _Mode,const char *_Filename,const char *const *_ArgList,const char *const *_Env);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) intptr_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _spawnvp(int _Mode,const char *_Filename,const char *const *_ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) intptr_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _spawnvpe(int _Mode,const char *_Filename,const char *const *_ArgList,const char *const *_Env);












#pragma pack(pop)

# 1 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/sec_api/stdio_s.h" 1 3
# 9 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/sec_api/stdio_s.h" 3
# 1 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 1 3
# 10 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/sec_api/stdio_s.h" 2 3
# 29 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/sec_api/stdio_s.h" 3
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) errno_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) clearerr_s(FILE *_File);

  size_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) fread_s(void *_DstBuf,size_t _DstSize,size_t _ElementSize,size_t _Count,FILE *_File);
# 494 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/sec_api/stdio_s.h" 3
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) fprintf_s(FILE *_File,const char *_Format,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _fscanf_s_l(FILE *_File,const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) fscanf_s(FILE *_File, const char *_Format, ...);
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) printf_s(const char *_Format,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _scanf_l(const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _scanf_s_l(const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) scanf_s(const char *_Format, ...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _snprintf_c(char *_DstBuf,size_t _MaxCount,const char *_Format,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vsnprintf_c(char *_DstBuf,size_t _MaxCount,const char *_Format,va_list _ArgList);

  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _fscanf_l(FILE *_File,const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _sscanf_l(const char *_Src,const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _sscanf_s_l(const char *_Src,const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) sscanf_s(const char *_Src,const char *_Format,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _snscanf_s(const char *_Src,size_t _MaxCount,const char *_Format,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _snscanf_l(const char *_Src,size_t _MaxCount,const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _snscanf_s_l(const char *_Src,size_t _MaxCount,const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) vfprintf_s(FILE *_File,const char *_Format,va_list _ArgList);
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) vprintf_s(const char *_Format,va_list _ArgList);

  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) vsnprintf_s(char *_DstBuf,size_t _DstSize,size_t _MaxCount,const char *_Format,va_list _ArgList);

  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vsnprintf_s(char *_DstBuf,size_t _DstSize,size_t _MaxCount,const char *_Format,va_list _ArgList);

  __attribute__((dllimport)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) vsprintf_s(char *_DstBuf,size_t _Size,const char *_Format,va_list _ArgList);

  __attribute__((dllimport)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) sprintf_s(char *_DstBuf,size_t _DstSize,const char *_Format,...);

  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _snprintf_s(char *_DstBuf,size_t _DstSize,size_t _MaxCount,const char *_Format,...);

  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _fprintf_p(FILE *_File,const char *_Format,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _printf_p(const char *_Format,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _sprintf_p(char *_Dst,size_t _MaxCount,const char *_Format,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vfprintf_p(FILE *_File,const char *_Format,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vprintf_p(const char *_Format,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vsprintf_p(char *_Dst,size_t _MaxCount,const char *_Format,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _scprintf_p(const char *_Format,...);
  __attribute__((dllimport)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vscprintf_p(const char *_Format,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _printf_l(const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _printf_p_l(const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vprintf_l(const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vprintf_p_l(const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _fprintf_l(FILE *_File,const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _fprintf_p_l(FILE *_File,const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vfprintf_l(FILE *_File,const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vfprintf_p_l(FILE *_File,const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _sprintf_l(char *_DstBuf,const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _sprintf_p_l(char *_DstBuf,size_t _MaxCount,const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vsprintf_l(char *_DstBuf,const char *_Format,_locale_t,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vsprintf_p_l(char *_DstBuf,size_t _MaxCount,const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _scprintf_l(const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _scprintf_p_l(const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vscprintf_l(const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vscprintf_p_l(const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _printf_s_l(const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vprintf_s_l(const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _fprintf_s_l(FILE *_File,const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vfprintf_s_l(FILE *_File,const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _sprintf_s_l(char *_DstBuf,size_t _DstSize,const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vsprintf_s_l(char *_DstBuf,size_t _DstSize,const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _snprintf_s_l(char *_DstBuf,size_t _DstSize,size_t _MaxCount,const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vsnprintf_s_l(char *_DstBuf,size_t _DstSize,size_t _MaxCount,const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _snprintf_l(char *_DstBuf,size_t _MaxCount,const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _snprintf_c_l(char *_DstBuf,size_t _MaxCount,const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vsnprintf_l(char *_DstBuf,size_t _MaxCount,const char *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vsnprintf_c_l(char *_DstBuf,size_t _MaxCount,const char *,_locale_t _Locale,va_list _ArgList);








  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) errno_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) fopen_s(FILE **_File,const char *_Filename,const char *_Mode);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) errno_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) freopen_s(FILE** _File, const char *_Filename, const char *_Mode, FILE *_Stream);

  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) char* __attribute__((__cdecl__)) gets_s(char*,rsize_t);


  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) errno_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) tmpfile_s(FILE **_File);

  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) errno_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) tmpnam_s(char*,rsize_t);





  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) wchar_t *__attribute__((__cdecl__)) _getws_s(wchar_t *_Str,size_t _SizeInWords);

# 788 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/sec_api/stdio_s.h" 3
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) fwprintf_s(FILE *_File,const wchar_t *_Format,...);
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) wprintf_s(const wchar_t *_Format,...);
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) vfwprintf_s(FILE *_File,const wchar_t *_Format,va_list _ArgList);
  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) vwprintf_s(const wchar_t *_Format,va_list _ArgList);

  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) vswprintf_s(wchar_t *_Dst,size_t _SizeInWords,const wchar_t *_Format,va_list _ArgList);

  int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) swprintf_s(wchar_t *_Dst,size_t _SizeInWords,const wchar_t *_Format,...);

  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vsnwprintf_s(wchar_t *_DstBuf,size_t _DstSizeInWords,size_t _MaxCount,const wchar_t *_Format,va_list _ArgList);

  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _snwprintf_s(wchar_t *_DstBuf,size_t _DstSizeInWords,size_t _MaxCount,const wchar_t *_Format,...);


  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _wprintf_s_l(const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vwprintf_s_l(const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _fwprintf_s_l(FILE *_File,const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vfwprintf_s_l(FILE *_File,const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _swprintf_s_l(wchar_t *_DstBuf,size_t _DstSize,const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vswprintf_s_l(wchar_t *_DstBuf,size_t _DstSize,const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _snwprintf_s_l(wchar_t *_DstBuf,size_t _DstSize,size_t _MaxCount,const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vsnwprintf_s_l(wchar_t *_DstBuf,size_t _DstSize,size_t _MaxCount,const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _fwscanf_s_l(FILE *_File,const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) fwscanf_s(FILE *_File, const wchar_t *_Format, ...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _swscanf_s_l(const wchar_t *_Src,const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) swscanf_s(const wchar_t *_Src,const wchar_t *_Format,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _snwscanf_s(const wchar_t *_Src,size_t _MaxCount,const wchar_t *_Format,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _snwscanf_s_l(const wchar_t *_Src,size_t _MaxCount,const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _wscanf_s_l(const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) wscanf_s(const wchar_t *_Format, ...);







  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) errno_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _wfopen_s(FILE **_File,const wchar_t *_Filename,const wchar_t *_Mode);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) errno_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _wfreopen_s(FILE **_File,const wchar_t *_Filename,const wchar_t *_Mode,FILE *_OldFile);

  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) errno_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _wtmpnam_s(wchar_t *_DstBuf,size_t _SizeInWords);



  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _fwprintf_p(FILE *_File,const wchar_t *_Format,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _wprintf_p(const wchar_t *_Format,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vfwprintf_p(FILE *_File,const wchar_t *_Format,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vwprintf_p(const wchar_t *_Format,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _swprintf_p(wchar_t *_DstBuf,size_t _MaxCount,const wchar_t *_Format,...);
  __attribute__((dllimport)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vswprintf_p(wchar_t *_DstBuf,size_t _MaxCount,const wchar_t *_Format,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _scwprintf_p(const wchar_t *_Format,...);
  __attribute__((dllimport)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vscwprintf_p(const wchar_t *_Format,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _wprintf_l(const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _wprintf_p_l(const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vwprintf_l(const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vwprintf_p_l(const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _fwprintf_l(FILE *_File,const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _fwprintf_p_l(FILE *_File,const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vfwprintf_l(FILE *_File,const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vfwprintf_p_l(FILE *_File,const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _swprintf_c_l(wchar_t *_DstBuf,size_t _MaxCount,const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _swprintf_p_l(wchar_t *_DstBuf,size_t _MaxCount,const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vswprintf_c_l(wchar_t *_DstBuf,size_t _MaxCount,const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vswprintf_p_l(wchar_t *_DstBuf,size_t _MaxCount,const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _scwprintf_l(const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _scwprintf_p_l(const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vscwprintf_p_l(const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _snwprintf_l(wchar_t *_DstBuf,size_t _MaxCount,const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vsnwprintf_l(wchar_t *_DstBuf,size_t _MaxCount,const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __swprintf_l(wchar_t *_Dest,const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Plocinfo,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __vswprintf_l(wchar_t *_Dest,const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Plocinfo,va_list _Args);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _vscwprintf_l(const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,va_list _ArgList);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _fwscanf_l(FILE *_File,const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _swscanf_l(const wchar_t *_Src,const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _snwscanf_l(const wchar_t *_Src,size_t _MaxCount,const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
  __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _wscanf_l(const wchar_t *_Format,_locale_t _Locale,...);
# 1642 "D:/mingw64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/stdio.h" 2 3
# 3 "example.c" 2


# 4 "example.c"
int main() {
    printf("%d", 100);
}

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实际上就是完成了如下内容:

/*
 * 完全展开的 stdio.h
 */
int main() {
    printf("%d", 100); // MAX |-> 100
}

2. 编译器 Compiler

shell

gcc -S example.i -o example.s

本阶段为核心阶段:

词法分析, 语法分析, 语义分析;
生成中间表示Internal Representation;
优化
输出目标平台的汇编码.

汇编码的不可移植性

汇编码的指令集强绑定于目标的 CPU 指令集架构, 为 x86/x86-64 编写的汇编码不可能运行在 ARM 上, 为 RISC-V 编写的汇编码也不可能运行在 MIPS 上:

互通性表格

互通性	x86	x64	ARMv7	ARMv8	ARMv9	RISC-V RV32	RISC-V RV64	LoongArch	MIPS
x86	self	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
x64	+	self	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
ARMv7	-	-	self	-	-	-	-	-	-
ARMv8	-	-	half	self	-	-	-	-	-
ARMv9	-	-	-	+	self	-	-	-	-
RISC-V RV32	-	-	-	-	-	self	-	-	-
RISC-V RV64	-	-	-	-	-	-	self	-	-
LoongArch	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	self	half
MIPS	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	self

ARMv8 架构兼容 ARM v7 用户态;
LoongArch 早期阶段提供 MIPS 二进制翻译/兼容模式, 早期 LoongArch 处理器硬件也支持 MIPS 指令.

这意味着, 如果读者使用的并非 x86-64 架构, 我们的 gcc 生成结果就此分道扬镳.

我们将得到一个相比前一步骤精简得多的 x86-64 汇编码:

example.s

asm

.file	"example.c"        ; 指定原始源文件名
	.text                  ; 代码段开始
	.def	printf;	.scl	3;	.type	32;	.endef
                          ; 定义 printf 符号，存储类 3（外部），类型 32（函数）
	.seh_proc	printf    ; 开始结构化异常处理过程（x64 Windows）
printf:
	pushq	%rbp          ; 保存基址指针
	.seh_pushreg	%rbp  ; SEH 信息：压入 rbp 寄存器
	pushq	%rbx          ; 保存 rbx 寄存器
	.seh_pushreg	%rbx  ; SEH 信息：压入 rbx 寄存器
	subq	$56, %rsp     ; 栈顶下移 56 字节，分配局部变量空间
	.seh_stackalloc	56    ; SEH信息：栈分配 56 字节
	leaq	48(%rsp), %rbp ; 设置帧指针，rsp+48 -> rbp
	.seh_setframe	%rbp, 48 ; SEH 信息：设置帧指针 rbp，偏移 48
	.seh_endprologue      ; SEH 序言结束
	movq	%rcx, 32(%rbp) ; 保存第一个参数（格式字符串）到栈上
	movq	%rdx, 40(%rbp) ; 保存第二个参数
	movq	%r8, 48(%rbp)  ; 保存第三个参数
	movq	%r9, 56(%rbp)  ; 保存第四个参数
	leaq	40(%rbp), %rax ; 取第二个参数的地址（可变参数列表起始地址）
	movq	%rax, -16(%rbp); 保存到局部变量
	movq	-16(%rbp), %rbx ; 加载到 rbx
	movl	$1, %ecx       ; 参数1：文件流编号 1（stdout）
	movq	__imp___acrt_iob_func(%rip), %rax ; 获取_iob_func函数地址
	call	*%rax         ; 调用 _iob_func 获取 stdout 的FILE结构指针
	movq	%rax, %rcx    ; 返回值（FILE*）作为第一个参数
	movq	32(%rbp), %rax ; 加载原始格式字符串
	movq	%rbx, %r8     ; 参数3：可变参数列表指针
	movq	%rax, %rdx    ; 参数2：格式字符串
	call	__mingw_vfprintf ; 调用 mingw 的 vfprintf 实现
	movl	%eax, -4(%rbp) ; 保存返回值（打印字符数）
	movl	-4(%rbp), %eax ; 恢复返回值到 eax
	addq	$56, %rsp     ; 释放栈空间
	popq	%rbx          ; 恢复 rbx
	popq	%rbp          ; 恢复 rbp
	ret                   ; 返回
	.seh_endproc          ; SEH 过程结束
	.def	__main;	.scl	2;	.type	32;	.endef
                          ; 定义 __main 符号，存储类 2（内部），类型 32
	.section .rdata,"dr"  ; 只读数据段
.LC0:
	.ascii "%d\0"         ; 字符串常量 "%d"
	.text                 ; 代码段
	.globl	main          ; 导出 main 符号为全局
	.def	main;	.scl	2;	.type	32;	.endef
                          ; 定义 main 符号
	.seh_proc	main      ; SEH 过程开始
main:
	pushq	%rbp          ; 保存调用者的 rbp
	.seh_pushreg	%rbp  ; SEH 寄存器信息
	movq	%rsp, %rbp    ; 设置帧指针
	.seh_setframe	%rbp, 0 ; SEH 帧指针，偏移 0
	subq	$32, %rsp     ; 分配 32 字节栈空间
	.seh_stackalloc	32    ; SEH 栈分配
	.seh_endprologue      ; SEH 序言结束
	call	__main        ; 调用 MinGW 运行时初始化
	movl	$100, %edx    ; 参数 2：值 100
	leaq	.LC0(%rip), %rax ; 加载格式串地址
	movq	%rax, %rcx    ; 参数 1：格式串
	call	printf        ; 调用 printf
	movl	$0, %eax      ; 返回值 0
	addq	$32, %rsp     ; 释放栈
	popq	%rbp          ; 恢复 rbp
	ret                   ; 返回
	.seh_endproc          ; SEH 过程结束
	.ident	"GCC: (x86_64-win32-seh-rev1, Built by MinGW-Builds project) 13.2.0" ; 编译器标识
	.def	__mingw_vfprintf;	.scl	2;	.type	32;	.endef
                          ; 外部符号声明

汇编码将用于一对一描述 CPU 需要做的事情, 而一款 CPU 能做哪些事情指令集, 恰恰决定于前面所说的指令集架构.

3. 汇编器

shell

gcc -c example.s -o example.o # 生成可执行文件, 在 Windows 中携带后缀名 .exe

此时:

汇编代码转为机器指令;
生成目标文件;
不解决跨文件符号引用.

尽管汇编码是机器语言的 $1:1$ 描述, 但机器不认识字符串, 只认识 0 和 1, 须要通过一个双射将汇编码映射为二进制字节, 此时方能喂给 CPU, 使其如期工作.

以下以十六进制形式展示二进制文件 example.o 的内容.

十六进制

你知道吗: $2$ 位十六进制数恰好对应 $1$ 个字节, 也就是 $8$ 个比特位!

分别以下标形式的 $\mathrm{Dec},\mathrm{Hex},\mathrm{Bin}$ 表示十进制 (Decimal) 数, 十六进制数 (Hexadecimal) 和二进制 (Binary), 以 $\underline{a_1\dots a_n}_k$ 表示 $k$ 进制 $n$ 位数的直接表示, 例如 $67_\mathrm{Dec}=\underline{01000011}_\mathrm{Bin}$ .

任取二进制字节 $\displaystyle a=\underline{a_1a_2a_3a_4a_5a_6a_7a_8}_\mathrm{Bin} := \left(\sum_{i=1}^8 10^{8-i}a_i\right)_\mathrm{Dec}, \forall i, a_i\in\{0,1\}$ , 只需十六进制数字 $\displaystyle \underline{A_{i}}_\mathrm{Hex} = \left(\sum_{j=4i-1}^{4i+3}10^{8-j}a_j\right)_\mathrm{Dec}$ , 即得 $\displaystyle a=\underline{a_1a_2a_3a_4a_5a_6a_7a_8}_\mathrm{Bin} = \underline{A_1A_2}_\mathrm{Hex}$ . 这就得到了 $1:4$ 的对应, 四个比特 $2\times 2\times 2\times 2$ 恰对应一个十六 $16=2^{4}$ 进制数.

4. 链接器

shell

gcc example.o -o example

这一步将会完成最后的任务:

符号解析: 重关联函数调用与定义;
重定位: 合并多个目标文件, 并分配内存地址;
分情况实现静态链接或动态链接.

优势

理清整个编译流程就能明白编译型语言的优势何在: 用户拿到的东西将直接喂给 CPU, 没有中间商做差价, 从而得到了极致的性能, 也能够向操作系统获取更高的权限, 完成更底层的工作.

劣势

如果动手试过, 你肯定理解为什么说调试周期长会是缺点, 相比解释型语言的随意, 编译型语言往往更古板一些.

解释型语言介绍

现代的大多数解释型语言都并非纯血解释型, 我们先来了解一下历史上的纯解释型语言.

历史上的纯解释型语言

古代 BASIC (196x-198x)

代码示例:

10 INPUT "please input your name: ", N$
20 PRINT "hello, "; N$
30 GOTO 10

Vitepress 采用的 Shiki 甚至不默认支持 BASIC 本体代码块解析.

上述代码无非循环输入输出, 逐行运行.

文物 JavaScript (1995-2008)

// 没有 AST，没有字节码
function evalSource(source) {
    var i = 0;
    while (i < source.length) {
        if (source[i] == 'd' && source.substr(i,6) == 'document') {
            i += 6;
            // 直接调用C函数输出
            browser_print(next_token()); 
        }
        // etc...
        i++;
    }
}

现代的解释型语言

这其中最出名的就是 Python

基本定义 ​

编译型语言介绍 ​

C/C++ ​

编译阶段 ​

1. 预处理器 Preprocesser ​

2. 编译器 Compiler ​

3. 汇编器 ​

4. 链接器 ​

优势 ​

劣势 ​

解释型语言介绍 ​

历史上的纯解释型语言 ​

现代的解释型语言 ​

基本定义

编译型语言介绍

C/C++

编译阶段

1. 预处理器 Preprocesser

2. 编译器 Compiler

3. 汇编器

4. 链接器

优势

劣势

解释型语言介绍

历史上的纯解释型语言

现代的解释型语言